Patron-Client Dynamics and Political Outcomes: The Case of Turkey and Northern Cyprus

Abstract

This article challenges the conventional understanding of unrecognized states as mere puppets of their patron states by examining the complex relationship between Turkey and Northern Cyprus. While de facto states are often perceived as dependent entities controlled by their patrons, the case of Northern Cyprus presents an intriguing contradiction. Despite heavy reliance on Turkey for economic and security support, it maintains a distinct political culture characterized by greater civil liberties and political freedom than its patron. Turkish Cypriots have shown a strong capacity for resistance when perceiving threats to their autonomy, secular traditions, or identity. Their unique access to Republic of Cyprus (RoC) citizenship and EU benefits creates a “loophole” enabling them to evade Turkish influence. Additionally, RoC plays a crucial role as a democratic “yardstick”, creating competitive pressure that limits Turkey’s ability to impose its political system. This produces a careful balance where Turkey provides essential support while tolerating greater political freedoms in Northern Cyprus than in Turkey itself. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with local actors, This case study contributes to broader discussions on de facto states by demonstrating that client states can cultivate independent political cultures despite external dependence.

Keywords

de facto states, unrecognized states, patron states, loophole, yardstick

Citation

Ioannis N. Grigoriadis and Miyuki Konnai, “Patron-Client Dynamics and Political Outcomes: The Case of Turkey and Northern Cyprus”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Advanced Online Publication, 3 February 2026, pp. 1–18. DOI: 10.33458/uidergisi.

Affiliations

Ioannis N. GRIGORIADIS Associate Professor, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Bilkent University, Ankara E-Mail: [email protected] Orcid: 0000-0003-0882-6125

Miyuki KONNAI PhD, Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Bilkent University, Ankara E-Mail: [email protected] Orcid: 0009-0008-1033-8175